Refactor thread management for improved safety and performance

Replaced unbounded thread pools in `ThreadManager` with bounded `ThreadPoolExecutor` to prevent memory exhaustion under load. Refactored shutdown logic to handle exceptions per-executor, set threads to daemon mode in `BaseThreadFactory`, and aligned synchronization patterns across multiple classes (`TaskManagerImpl`, `ChannelMessagePurger`, and `MusicManager`). Addressed lock cleanup races, double unlock issues, and static collection thread-safety concerns.

.junie/plans/thread-safety-improvements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+sessionId: session-260910-054543-zckm
+---
+
+# Requirements
+
+### Overview & Goals
+Analyze and fix thread-safety issues and improve the `ExecutorProvider` / `ThreadManager` infrastructure and all code that interacts with it.
+
+### Scope
+#### In Scope
+- Fix thread-safety bugs in `ThreadManager`, `TaskManagerImpl`, `ChannelMessagePurger`, `MusicManager`
+- Improve executor pool configuration (bounded pools, proper shutdown)
+- Clean up inconsistent synchronization patterns
+
+#### Out of Scope
+- Rewriting the task/command architecture
+- Changing the `QueueManager` synchronization (it's consistent and correct, just verbose)
+
+# Technical Design
+
+### Current Issues Found
+
+#### 1. `ThreadManager` (`core/thread/ThreadManager.java`)
+- **Unbounded cached thread pools** — `newCachedThreadPool()` creates unlimited threads; under load (e.g., many guilds purging simultaneously) this can exhaust memory.
+- **Shutdown bug (line 66-69)** — If `awaitTermination` throws `InterruptedException` on the *first* executor, the `catch` block exits the loop and remaining executors only get `shutdownNow()` without a prior `shutdown()` call. Each executor should be shut down independently.
+- **No daemon threads** — `BaseThreadFactory` doesn't set `thread.setDaemon(true)`, so leaked threads can prevent JVM exit.
+
+#### 2. `TaskManagerImpl` (`core/tasks/TaskManagerImpl.java`)
+- **Null values in `ConcurrentHashMap` (line 178-184)** — `computeIfAbsent` returns `null` for `PersistableTask`/`BuiltInTask`, but `ConcurrentHashMap` does **not** permit null values. This will throw `NullPointerException` at runtime.
+- **Mixed synchronization** — `getTasks()` is `synchronized` on `this`, but all mutations use `ConcurrentHashMap` operations (no `synchronized`). The `synchronized` keyword on `getTasks()` provides no actual protection since `insert()`, `removeTask()`, etc. don't synchronize on `this`.
+- **`hasTask()` race (line 93-95)** — Check-then-act across two collections (`tasks` and `pendingTasks`) without synchronization.
+- **`handle()` lock cleanup race (line 191-194)** — After acquiring the lock, it checks `tasks.containsKey()` and removes from `tasksLock`, but another thread could be waiting on the same lock and will find it removed.
+
+#### 3. `ChannelMessagePurger` (`utils/ChannelMessagePurger.java`)
+- **Double unlock bug** — `purgeMessages()` acquires `lock` via `tryLock()` (line 68) and releases it in `finally` (line 79). But `safePurge()` also calls `lock.unlock()` (line 154), causing an `IllegalMonitorStateException` or releasing a lock that a *different* thread now holds.
+- **Non-thread-safe static `HashMap`** (line 40) — `instances` is a plain `HashMap` accessed from multiple threads via `computeIfAbsent`. Should be `ConcurrentHashMap`.
+- **Static mutable `ExecutorProvider` binding** — The `volatile` field + `bind()` pattern works but is fragile; a null check race exists between `canLockBeAcquired` callers and `purgeMessages`.
+
+#### 4. `MusicManager` (`music/MusicManager.java`)
+- **Inconsistent synchronization** — `isConnected()`, `connect()`, `disconnect()`, `play()` are `synchronized`, but `isCurrentlyPlaying()` (line 114), `getCurrentlyPlaying()` (line 110), `stopTrack()` (line 138), `resume()` (line 142) are not. If these are called from event threads concurrently with `disconnect()`, they can see stale state.
+
+#### 5. `BaseThreadFactory` (`core/thread/BaseThreadFactory.java`)
+- Threads are not set as daemon threads, which can prevent clean JVM shutdown if an executor leaks.
+
+### Proposed Changes
+
+#### `ThreadManager`
+- Replace `newCachedThreadPool()` with `newFixedThreadPool()` or a bounded `ThreadPoolExecutor` with a reasonable max (e.g., `availableProcessors() * 2`).
+- Fix shutdown loop: wrap each executor's `shutdown()`/`awaitTermination()` in its own try-catch so one failure doesn't skip the rest.
+- Consider adding a `getExecutorStatus()` method for observability.
+
+#### `BaseThreadFactory`
+- Set `thread.setDaemon(true)` to prevent JVM hang on unclean shutdown.
+
+#### `TaskManagerImpl`
+- Fix `computeIfAbsent` null return: use a sentinel or simply don't store an entry for tasks that don't need locking (use `get()` + null check instead).
+- Remove misleading `synchronized` on `getTasks()` or make all task mutations consistently synchronized.
+- Guard `hasTask()` with proper synchronization or accept eventual consistency and document it.
+- Fix lock cleanup race in `handle()` — don't remove from `tasksLock` inside the lock-held section; let `removeTask()` handle cleanup.
+
+#### `ChannelMessagePurger`
+- Remove the `lock.unlock()` call on line 154 inside `safePurge()` — the `finally` block in `purgeMessages()` already handles it.
+- Change `instances` from `HashMap` to `ConcurrentHashMap`.
+
+#### `MusicManager`
+- Either synchronize all public methods that touch `player`/`AudioManager` state, or remove `synchronized` from methods where JDA already guarantees thread safety and document the threading model.
+
+# Delivery Steps
+
+### ✓ Step 1: Fix ThreadManager and BaseThreadFactory
+ThreadManager uses bounded pools and has correct shutdown; BaseThreadFactory produces daemon threads.
+
+- Replace `Executors.newCachedThreadPool()` in `ThreadManager.getExecutor()` with a bounded `ThreadPoolExecutor` (core=0, max=availableProcessors*2, 60s keepAlive, LinkedBlockingQueue).
+- Fix `stop()` shutdown loop: wrap each executor's `shutdown()`+`awaitTermination()` in its own try-catch so an `InterruptedException` on one executor doesn't skip the rest.
+- In `BaseThreadFactory.newThread()`, add `thread.setDaemon(true)`.
+- Verify the `getScheduledExecutor()` pool size is still appropriate.
+
+### ✓ Step 2: Fix TaskManagerImpl thread-safety bugs
+TaskManagerImpl has no null-in-ConcurrentHashMap violations and consistent synchronization.
+
+- Replace the `computeIfAbsent` that returns null (line 178-184) with a pattern that avoids storing null: check task type first, only call `computeIfAbsent` when a lock is actually needed.
+- Remove the misleading `synchronized` keyword from `getTasks()`, or switch to a consistent locking strategy across all mutation methods.
+- Fix the lock cleanup race in `handle()`: do not remove from `tasksLock` at line 193; let `removeTask()` be the sole owner of lock cleanup.
+- Document the threading contract for `hasTask()` (check-then-act across two collections is inherently racy).
+
+### ✓ Step 3: Fix ChannelMessagePurger concurrency bugs
+ChannelMessagePurger has no double-unlock and uses thread-safe collections.
+
+- Remove the redundant `lock.unlock()` call on line 154 in `safePurge()` — the `finally` block in `purgeMessages()` (line 79) already releases the lock.
+- Change the static `instances` field (line 40) from `HashMap` to `ConcurrentHashMap`.
+- Remove the `synchronized` keyword from `countAllChannelMessages()` and `safePurge()` since the `ReentrantLock` already provides mutual exclusion.
+
+### ✓ Step 4: Harmonize MusicManager synchronization
+MusicManager has a consistent and documented threading model.
+
+- Add `synchronized` to `isCurrentlyPlaying()`, `getCurrentlyPlaying()`, `stopTrack()`, and `resume()` to match the existing pattern on `connect()`/`disconnect()`/`play()`.
+- Alternatively, if JDA's `AudioPlayer` is already thread-safe, remove `synchronized` from all methods and add a class-level Javadoc explaining the threading model.
+- Investigate which approach is correct by checking Lavaplayer's `AudioPlayer` thread-safety guarantees, then apply consistently.

src/main/java/me/bobert/netneutrality/core/tasks/TaskManagerImpl.java

@@ -89,13 +89,18 @@ public class TaskManagerImpl implements TaskManager {
         return tasks.get(id);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Checks whether a task with the given ID exists. Note: this check spans two collections
+     * ({@code tasks} and {@code pendingTasks}) without a single lock, so the result is
+     * best-effort and may be stale by the time the caller acts on it.
+     */
     @Override
     public boolean hasTask(String id) {
         return tasks.containsKey(id) || pendingTasks.stream().anyMatch(task -> task.getId().equals(id));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public synchronized Collection<Task> getTasks() {
+    public Collection<Task> getTasks() {
         return tasks.values();
     }
 
@@ -175,13 +180,9 @@ public class TaskManagerImpl implements TaskManager {
 
         if (task != null) {
             String lockId = task.getLockId();
-            ReentrantLock lock = tasksLock.computeIfAbsent(lockId, k -> {
+            ReentrantLock lock = (task instanceof PersistableTask || task instanceof BuiltInTask)
-                if (task instanceof PersistableTask || task instanceof BuiltInTask) {
+                ? null
-                    return null;
+                : tasksLock.computeIfAbsent(lockId, k -> new ReentrantLock());
-                }
-
-                return new ReentrantLock();
-            });
 
             try {
                 if (lock != null) {
@@ -190,7 +191,6 @@ public class TaskManagerImpl implements TaskManager {
 
                     if (!tasks.containsKey(taskId)) {
                         logger.debug("Task {} is no longer available after aquiring lock", taskId);
-                        tasksLock.remove(lockId);
                         return;
                     }
                 }

src/main/java/me/bobert/netneutrality/core/thread/BaseThreadFactory.java

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ public class BaseThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
     public Thread newThread(@Nonnull Runnable r) {
         Thread thread = new Thread(r);
         thread.setName(name + "-" + threadId.getAndIncrement());
+        thread.setDaemon(true);
         thread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new ExecutorException());
         return thread;
     }

src/main/java/me/bobert/netneutrality/core/thread/ThreadManager.java

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /**
@@ -50,7 +52,13 @@ public class ThreadManager implements ExecutorProvider {
 
     @Override
     public ExecutorService getExecutor(String name) {
-        return executors.computeIfAbsent(name, s -> Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new BaseThreadFactory(s)));
+        return executors.computeIfAbsent(name, s -> new ThreadPoolExecutor(
+            0,
+            Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 2,
+            60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
+            new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(),
+            new BaseThreadFactory(s)
+        ));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -62,21 +70,20 @@ public class ThreadManager implements ExecutorProvider {
     public void stop() {
         logger.info("[Executor] Shutting down...");
 
+        for (Map.Entry<String, ExecutorService> entry : executors.entrySet()) {
+            String name = entry.getKey();
+            ExecutorService ex = entry.getValue();
             try {
-            for (ExecutorService ex : executors.values()) {
                 ex.shutdown();
-                ex.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                if (!ex.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
-            }
-        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-            logger.info("[Executor] Running tasks interrupted");
-        } finally {
-            executors.forEach((name, ex) -> {
-                if (!ex.isTerminated()) {
                     logger.warn("[Executor: {}] Forcing shutdown of running tasks..", name);
                     ex.shutdownNow();
                 }
-            });
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
-
+                logger.info("[Executor: {}] Running tasks interrupted", name);
+                ex.shutdownNow();
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
         }
 
         logger.info("[Executor] Shutdown finished!");

src/main/java/me/bobert/netneutrality/music/MusicManager.java

@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ public class MusicManager implements MusicManagerCallback {
         return guild.getAudioManager().getConnectedChannel() != null;
     }
 
-    public AudioTrack getCurrentlyPlaying() {
+    public synchronized AudioTrack getCurrentlyPlaying() {
         return player.getPlayingTrack();
     }
 
-    public boolean isCurrentlyPlaying() {
+    public synchronized boolean isCurrentlyPlaying() {
         return player.getPlayingTrack() != null;
     }
 
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ public class MusicManager implements MusicManagerCallback {
         }
     }
 
-    public void stopTrack() {
+    public synchronized void stopTrack() {
         player.stopTrack();
     }
 
-    public CommandExecutionResult resume() {
+    public synchronized CommandExecutionResult resume() {
         return getQueueManager().resume();
     }
 

src/main/java/me/bobert/netneutrality/utils/ChannelMessagePurger.java

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ import net.dv8tion.jda.api.utils.messages.MessageEditData;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public class ChannelMessagePurger {
 
 
     private static final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger(ChannelMessagePurger.class);
-    private static final Map<GuildMessageChannel, ChannelMessagePurger> instances = new HashMap<>();
+    private static final Map<GuildMessageChannel, ChannelMessagePurger> instances = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     private final GuildMessageChannel channel;
     private final Lock lock;
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ public class ChannelMessagePurger {
         });
     }
 
-    private synchronized int countAllChannelMessages(GuildMessageChannel channel) {
+    private int countAllChannelMessages(GuildMessageChannel channel) {
         logger.info("Guild {}: counting all messages from channel {}", channel.getGuild().getId(), channel.getId());
         MessageHistory history = channel.getHistory();
         int totalCount = 0;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public class ChannelMessagePurger {
         return totalCount;
     }
 
-    private synchronized void safePurge(CommandContext context, int toPurge) {
+    private void safePurge(CommandContext context, int toPurge) {
         logger.info("Safe purging {} messages from channel {}", toPurge, channel.getId());
 
         if (toPurge == 1) {
@@ -151,6 +151,5 @@ public class ChannelMessagePurger {
             builder.addContent("\n").addContent("Messages older than two weeks weren't deleted.");
         }
         context.edit(MessageEditData.fromCreateData(builder.build()));
-        lock.unlock();
     }
 }